Basically there are three different types of clinical diagnosis identified among the five patients and they are: Urinary Tract Infection, Enterocolitis and Food Poisoning.
1) Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a condition where one or more structures in the urinary tract become infected after bacteria overcome its strong natural defenses.
Among the 3 patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection, 2 were women and 1 was man.
Normally, only the lower part of the urethra is usually colonized by bacteria as the flushing action of the urinary flow protects against ascending infection. As the female urethra is short, urinary tract infection is more common in women.
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Dehydration, obstruction, disturbance of the smooth urinary flow or the presence of a foreign body example stone or urinary catheter, may predispose an individual to urinary tract infection. Trauma during sexual intercourse may precipitate infection in women whereas paediatric infection especially in boys are often associated with congenital abnormality e.g. ureteric reflux or urethral valves.
Possible Causes of Urinary Tract Infection
The most commonly isolated pathogens are Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.E.coli uses fimbriae to adhere to the urinary epithelium, thereby reducing the risk of being washed away. Infections caused by Proteus spp. Are more likely in patients who have stones as Proteus spp. have urease activity that raises urinary pH, thus encouraging stone formation. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common isolate from sexually active females. Many different Gram-negative organisms colonize urinary catheters, often becoming invasive infections.
Clinical Features / Signs and Symptoms
Lower urinary tract infections are characterized initially by urinary frequency, dysuria (dysuria refers to any difficulty in urination and is sometimes accompanied by pain) and suprapubic (above the pubic bone) discomfort, fever may be absent. In pyelonephritis (an ascending UTI that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney), fever, loin (part of the body on either side of the backbone, between the ribs and pelvis) pain, renal angle tenderness and signs of septicaemia (sepsis of the bloodstream caused by bacteremia, which is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream) may be present. In children, elderly and prenatal patients, UTI may be clinically silent. Recurrent infections can result in scarring and renal failure.
2) Enterocolitis
Enterocolitis is the inflammation of the large and small intestines.
Signs and Symptoms
Fever, abdominal swelling, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
There are different types of Enterocolitis and they are: salmonella enterocolitis, antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, hemorrhagic enterocolitis, pseudomembraneous enterocolitis, necrotizing enterocolitis (mostly premature babies), neutropenic enterocolitis, etc.
Since the patient is 28 years old, then necrotizing enterocolitis would be the least possible kind.
Antibiotic-associated enterocolitis is developed when treatment with antibiotics alters the bowel flora and results in diarrhea.
Hemorrhagic enterocolitis is an inflammation of the small intestine and colon, characterized by hemorrhagic breakdown of the intestinal mucosa with inflammatory-cell infiltration.
Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is an acute inflammation of the bowel mucosa with the formation of pseudomembranous plaques overlying an area of superficial ulceration, and the passage of the pseudomembranous material in the feces.
Neutropenic enterocolitis: viral diarrhea and yersinia enterocolitis are commonly found in children.
Possible causes of Enterocolitis
1) Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a condition where one or more structures in the urinary tract become infected after bacteria overcome its strong natural defenses.
Among the 3 patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection, 2 were women and 1 was man.
Normally, only the lower part of the urethra is usually colonized by bacteria as the flushing action of the urinary flow protects against ascending infection. As the female urethra is short, urinary tract infection is more common in women.
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Dehydration, obstruction, disturbance of the smooth urinary flow or the presence of a foreign body example stone or urinary catheter, may predispose an individual to urinary tract infection. Trauma during sexual intercourse may precipitate infection in women whereas paediatric infection especially in boys are often associated with congenital abnormality e.g. ureteric reflux or urethral valves.
Possible Causes of Urinary Tract Infection
The most commonly isolated pathogens are Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.E.coli uses fimbriae to adhere to the urinary epithelium, thereby reducing the risk of being washed away. Infections caused by Proteus spp. Are more likely in patients who have stones as Proteus spp. have urease activity that raises urinary pH, thus encouraging stone formation. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a common isolate from sexually active females. Many different Gram-negative organisms colonize urinary catheters, often becoming invasive infections.
Clinical Features / Signs and Symptoms
Lower urinary tract infections are characterized initially by urinary frequency, dysuria (dysuria refers to any difficulty in urination and is sometimes accompanied by pain) and suprapubic (above the pubic bone) discomfort, fever may be absent. In pyelonephritis (an ascending UTI that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) of the kidney), fever, loin (part of the body on either side of the backbone, between the ribs and pelvis) pain, renal angle tenderness and signs of septicaemia (sepsis of the bloodstream caused by bacteremia, which is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream) may be present. In children, elderly and prenatal patients, UTI may be clinically silent. Recurrent infections can result in scarring and renal failure.
2) Enterocolitis
Enterocolitis is the inflammation of the large and small intestines.
Signs and Symptoms
Fever, abdominal swelling, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
There are different types of Enterocolitis and they are: salmonella enterocolitis, antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, hemorrhagic enterocolitis, pseudomembraneous enterocolitis, necrotizing enterocolitis (mostly premature babies), neutropenic enterocolitis, etc.
Since the patient is 28 years old, then necrotizing enterocolitis would be the least possible kind.
Antibiotic-associated enterocolitis is developed when treatment with antibiotics alters the bowel flora and results in diarrhea.
Hemorrhagic enterocolitis is an inflammation of the small intestine and colon, characterized by hemorrhagic breakdown of the intestinal mucosa with inflammatory-cell infiltration.
Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is an acute inflammation of the bowel mucosa with the formation of pseudomembranous plaques overlying an area of superficial ulceration, and the passage of the pseudomembranous material in the feces.
Neutropenic enterocolitis: viral diarrhea and yersinia enterocolitis are commonly found in children.
Possible causes of Enterocolitis
- Due to usage of antibiotics
Examples: Chloramphenicol, AK-Chlor, Chloroptic, Ophthochlor, Pentamycetin, Diochloram, Sopamycetin, Cetina, Clorafen, Paraxin, Quemicetina.
- Possible virus or bacteria infection
Examples: Clostridial organisms, fungi organism, campylobacter jejuni, shigella, Enteropathogenic P E.coli.
3) Food poisoning
Food poisoning is the result of eating organisms or toxins in contaminated food.
Food is an important mode of transmission of infectious diarrhea. Bacterial enters the food chain from animal infections, from poor hygiene during butchering, improper cleaning of storage and preparation areas and unclean utensils cause contamination of raw and cooked foods. Hens that are chronically colonized with salmonella produce eggs that may allow the multiplication of bacteria. Transmission of food poisoning is also facilitated where there is poor sanitation. In these situations, infections spread rapidly through the community, causing significant mortality. Cholera is capable of spreading world-wide. The temperature range in which most bacteria grow is between 40 degrees F (5 degrees C) and 140 degrees F (60 degrees C). Undercooking or improper processing of home-canned foods can cause very serious food poisoning.
Signs and Symptoms
Nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, profuse watery diarrhea with consequent risk of dehydration, severe abdominal pain and cramps, fever, neurologic involvement such as paresthesias (a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a person's skin with no apparent long-term physical effect), motor weakness, visual disturbances, and cranial nerve palsies, autonomic symptoms such as flushing, hypotension, and anaphylaxis (a severe and rapid multi-system allergic reaction), Headache, dizziness, respiratory failure, and urticaria (a relatively common form of allergic reaction that causes raised red skin welts), myalgias (muscle pain), lymphadenopathy (swelling of one or more lymph nodes), appendicitis like presentation, oliguria (decrease production of urine), neck stiffness and meningeal signs.
Possible causes of food poisoning
- Possible bacteria infection
Examples: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter jejuni, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.
Below is a link describing the different types of bacteria that might cause food poisoning.
http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu>server statistics>Webtrend reports > November,2006 > Bacterial food poisoning
It shows a table summarizing the various description of the microbes, habitat, types of food that are prone to contamination, symptoms involved, causes and the temperature sensitivity of the microbes. It is a good link.
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